Labor Market Performance in Ohio, 2001-2004: 
Ohio Lags Behind the Nation

John Schmitt¹

September 2004
Revised October 2004

From the peak of the last business cycle in March 2001 through the summer of 2004, the national labor market has struggled. Over the same period, the labor market in Ohio has performed even worse. Ohio has seen a greater loss in jobs, a higher increase in unemployment, a bigger decline in the share of the working-age population in jobs, and a bigger increase in the loss of "long-tenure" jobs, than the economy has a whole. By the summer of 2004, all four of these key indicators stood worse in Ohio than they did nationally.

Four key indicators

Table 1 and Figures 1-4 summarize four key labor-market indicators over the period 2001-2004. Wherever possible, the figures compare data from March 2001 - the peak of the last business cycle as established by the National Bureau of Economic Research (see www.nber.org) - with the most recent data available (as late as July 2004).

Job creation

Between March 2001 and July 2004, the national economy lost a total of over 1.4 million jobs (see Table 1 and Figure 1), or about 1.1 percent of employment at the height of the last business cycle. Over the same period, Ohio lost 217,000 jobs - a 3.9 percent decline in state payrolls.

Unemployment

Between March 2001 and July 2004, the national unemployment rate increased 1.2 percentage points, to 5.5 percent (see Table 1 and Figure 2). Over the same period, the unemployment rate in Ohio increased 2.3 percentage points. In March 2001, the unemployment rate in Ohio (3.6 percent) was well below the national average (4.3 percent). By July 2004, the unemployment rate (5.9 percent) was above the national average (5.5 percent). The 5.9 percent rate translates to about 342,000 Ohioans.

Employment rates

The current economic recovery has been unusual in that the unemployment rate has not fully captured the weakness in the labor market. The period of sustained employment growth and low unemployment rates from about 1996 through 2000 led many individuals to enter the workforce for the first time or after long absences from work. As the economy faltered and employment fell in 2001, many of these workers seem to have withdrawn from the labor force altogether, and have not appeared in official unemployment statistics. In the current economy, data on employment rates - the share of the working-age population in jobs - help to complete the picture presented by the unemployment rate.

Panel (c) of Table 1 and Figure 3 present employment rates for Ohio and the national economy. Between the first four months of 2001 and the first four months of 2004 (the most recent, comparable data available), employment rates in Ohio fell from just above the national average - 75.6 percent in Ohio, compared to 75.4 percent for the United States - to below the national average (72.6 percent in Ohio, 73.0 percent for the whole country). As mentioned above, the 3.0 percentage-point decline in employment rates is larger than the 2.3 percentage-point increase in the unemployment rate. The difference is accounted for by workers who decided to leave the labor force altogether.

Displacement rates

Every two years, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) tracks "displacement" from long-tenure jobs (those held at least three years). The BLS counts a worker as displaced if he or she lost a long-tenure job due to a plant closing or insufficient demand, or because his or her position or shift was abolished (without the expectation of a recall within six months). Job displacement from long-tenure jobs captures a particular kind of job loss that is likely to have more negative consequences for workers than other kinds of job separation. By definition, displaced workers have involuntarily lost a long-term job through no fault of their own.

The last panel of Table 1 and Figure 4 summarize data from the two most recent BLS surveys of displaced workers. The first, conducted in January 2002, covered job displacement over the period 1999-2001; the second, conducted in January 2004, covered the period 2001-2003. In Ohio, the displacement rate increased 2.1 percentage points, compared to a 0.9 percentage point increase nationally. By 2004, almost one of every 20 workers in Ohio (4.8 percent) had been displaced from a long-term job sometime between 2001 and 2003.

Probably the most important reason for the large increase in displacement rates in Ohio is the high concentration of manufacturing jobs in the state. Over the last decade, manufacturing has had high and rising rates of displacement, relative to the rest of the economy (see John Schmitt, "The Rise in Job Displacement, 1991-2004: The Crisis in American Manufacturing," Center for Economic and Policy Research Briefing Paper, August 2004, available at http://www.cepr.net).

References

Schmitt, John. 2004. "Job Displacement Over the Business Cycle, 1991-2001," Center for Economic and Policy Research Briefing Paper (http://www.cepr.net).

Schmitt, John. 2004. "The Rise in Job Displacement, 1991-2004: The Crisis in American Manufacturing," Center for Economic and Policy Research Briefing Paper (http://www.cepr.net).

Tables and Figures