June 08, 2016
Dean Baker
Crikey, June 7, 2016
As Australia’s election campaign heats up, it seems that one of the central issues is likely to be a plan to cut the country’s corporate income tax from 30 percent to 25 percent. The argument is the same that proponents of corporate tax cuts make everywhere; it will cause companies to invest more money in Australia. This is great children’s story, but it has little basis in reality.
There actually is a great deal of research on this topic and it finds very little relationship between corporate tax rates and investment. In the case of my country, the United States, the investment share of GDP peaked in the 1970s when corporations faced a 50 percent tax rate, considerably higher than the 35 percent rate they now face. Of course since U.S. corporations have become quite adept at avoiding taxes, their effective tax rate is close to 20 percent.
The research on this topic has found that corporations take many factors in consideration in their investment decisions. They care first and foremost about the quality of the labor force and the infrastructure of the country. Obviously they prefer a lower tax country to a higher tax country, other things equal, but it doesn’t make sense to locate in a country where the labor force lacks the necessary skills or the infrastructure doesn’t facilitate transporting goods. Since education and infrastructure both must be paid for largely with public funds, funding in these areas really is a trade-off for lower corporate tax rates.
One of the ironies of proposals to reduce Australia’s tax rate is that the U.S. Treasury would be a major beneficiary. The logic is straightforward, even if seldom advertised by proponents of the tax cut. Under tax treaties, the U.S. credits it multinationals with tax payments to the Australian government on a dollar for basis.
This means that if a U.S. multinational has its Australian tax bill cut by $10 million then its U.S. tax bill likely increases by the same amount. The money saved by the company in Australia will go straight to the U.S. Treasury.
The Australia Institute calculated the amount of money at stake. The proposal is for the tax cut to be phased in gradually, but for the first decade that it is fully in place, the Institute estimated that it would transfer over $8 billion (U.S.) from the Australian government to the U.S. government. This would be a generous gift from the Australian people, but probably not one that was intended by the tax cutters.
There are important issues at stake with the corporate income tax. Over the last four decades corporations have been quite successful in reducing the share of profits paid as taxes throughout the world. This means that everyone else must pay more in taxes for the same level of services, or that services must be cut.
We should be considering alternative mechanisms that ensure governments get their share of corporate profits. One possibility is to require companies turn over a percentage of their stock, in the form of non-voting shares, that is equal to the tax rate. In Australia’s case, this would be 30 percent.
While ownership of the shares would not allow the government any say in corporate decision making, a share of non-voting stock would be entitled to the exact same dividend and buyback terms as voting shares. If the company pays $1.00 dividend on voting shares, then it also pays $1.00 on each share held by the government. If it buys back 10 percent of its shares at $100 per share then it also buys back 10 percent of the government shares at $100.
This route guarantees the government its tax revenue, while eliminating all the opportunities for gaming the tax code. Since the tax gaming industry has made many people very rich, this would also be a big step toward reducing inequality.
There are undoubtedly issues with a share issuance system, but we should be looking for innovative ways to ensure that corporations can’t escape their tax liabilities. Reducing their tax liabilities is clearly the wrong way to go.
